• For mid-April sowing dates at the SA Crop Technology Centre (CTC) it was the AGFWH004718, AGFWH004818 and AGFWH004618 that stood out with good agronomic characteristics and yields of 10t/ha or greater.
• The longer season UK wheats Reflection and Shabras also gave 10t/ha yields despite a phenology that meant that they were at the end of booting (GS49) in the period considered to be the optimum for flowering (GS61) based on the last two years sowing in mid-April.
• Reflection was the most interesting of the two with excellent disease resistance and standing power, however Shabras was similar but with more pronounced susceptibility to Septoria.

• Of those varieties that were just under 10t/ha that had good agronomic characteristics it was GS-18-105-W and SFR86-092 that exhibited good disease resistance.
• SFR86-071 was equally good under full fungicide protection but susceptible to both STB and leaf rust in the HYC 1st stage screen.

• Although set up as spatially separate trials (with some differences in varieties tested) the mean yield of the second time of sowing (12 May) was over 1t/ha higher yielding than the first time of sowing (17 April).
• At the second sowing nine varieties exceeded 10t/ha compared to only five varieties at the first time of sowing.
• A number of the winter wheat varieties exceeded 10t/ha at the mid May sowing with AGFWH004718 almost hitting 11t/ha.
• RGT Accroc which was subject to considerably less STB pressure than the first sowing date yielded 10.62t/ha compared to only 8.71t/ha when sown in mid-April.
• Although harvest dry matters were lower in 2020, the harvest index for RGT Accroc was 58% using a typical harvest dry matter (9.29/16t/ha at 0% moisture).
• At this sowing date the gap between the best feed wheat and milling wheat (Scepter) was approximately 2t/ha.
• Protein levels (11% plus in most varieties) and test weights would indicate that optimum yields were generated with the level of nitrogen applied (120kg N/ha).

• Other than the control Anapurna, five cultivars yielded in excess of 10t/ha these were LPB16-0598, SFR86-092, SFR86-071, AGFWH004418 and AGFWH004618.
• SFR86-092 exceeded 11t/ha.
• Many of these cultivars (where tested) have performed well in 1st stage screens.
• Despite stripe rust susceptibility and yellowing flecks over the canopy Catapult (mid – late spring AH in south eastern region) gave promising yields, and although they were not significantly better than Scepter its phenology is more suited to late April sowing.
• 138 kg N/ha plus 10N at sowing with a soil N reserve of 103.5kg N/ha (0-60cm) was sufficient to optimize yield at this site with an average protein content of 11.7% (range 10.4 – 13.9%).

 For the first time in HYC trials on the mainland, wheat yields exceeded 12t/ha at the SA Crop Technology Centre.
 With a softer finish than 2020, later developing northern European winter wheats fulfilled their yield potential for the first time at the SA research site at the April sowing date, with Reflection and Tabasco yielding over 12.5t/ha along with a coded
line AGTW005.
 Despite the HYC higher fungicide input, these two cultivars (Reflection and Tabasco) were noticeably more resistant to leaf rust in the lower Southeast SA environment.
 Of those cultivars that are commercially available in Australia, the winter feed wheat Big Red (AGFWH004718) was the highest cultivar in both 2020 (10.94t/ha) and 2021 (11.45t/ha) in April sown HYC trials.
 Although set up as spatially separate trials on the same research site, the winter feed wheat Anapurna gave higher yields sown on 12 May than on 21 April (11.87t/ha vs 11.30t/ha).
 With second sowing date on 12 May, Rockstar significantly outyielded all other spring milling cultivars, however its overall yield was approximately 2t/ha or 19% lower yielding than the feed wheat Anapurna sown at the same time.
 If Anapurna feed wheat was priced at $275/t then Rockstar would have required a $57/t premium to achieve the same margin using the yield differentials in the trial.
 With the earlier sowing where Big Red achieved 11.45t/ha, the premium necessary to match the output would have dropped to $45/t (assuming quality could have been achieved with the milling wheat).
 Protein levels (11% plus in most varieties) and test weights would indicate that optimum yields were generated with the level of nitrogen applied (120kg N/ha).

 The following yields should be considered in the context of maximum and minimum temperature during flowering and grain fill that were 4-5 degrees cooler than the long-term average.
 This resulted in longer season wheats originating from the UK (e.g. Reflection) producing yields of 10t/ha when normally the season would be too short for them to finish grain fill.
 In the NSW HYC Elite screen the recently commercialised red feed wheat from Europe Big Red (AGFWH004718) was significantly higher yielding than all other wheats in the Elite screen.
 Several winter feed wheat cultivars of European decent were in a group that yielded 10t/ha. Of these RGT Accroc was the fastest developing whilst Reflection, Shabras and Tabasco are likely to be too slow for a season with a harder finish.
 Beaufort spring feed wheat stood out amongst the spring germplasm being significantly superior to all other spring germplasm except BX7932-039, however its test weight was significantly poorer than all other cultivars tested.
 LPB16-0598 has been consistently higher yielding than LPB16-0582 and is a white wheat that is a longer season spring with intermediate resistance to stripe rust and STB noted at Wallendbeen. We await the grade classification.

Disease resistance of Pixel was far superior to Planet, management significantly influenced grain yield in the disease susceptible cultivar Planet.

RGT Planet responded the most to intensifying fungicide inputs achieving 3.98t/ha under standard inputs and 6.48t/ha under higher inputs. The addition of PGR and or more N did not further increase yield in Planet.

Madness a 2 row winter barley achieved yields in the range of 5.35 – 6.14t/ha across all management and demonstrates its improved disease resistance. There was no yield penalty from grazing.

Pixel a 6 row winter barley achieved yields in the range of 7.45 – 8.72t/ha across all management combinations. The addition of a PGR in both standard and high input systems resulted in the highest yields of 8.66 and 8.72t/ha.

The improved disease resistance of winter barley shows it can be farmed with less intensive fungicide strategies when early sowing, Planet is less suited to this system as the disease pressure is too high.

Tests weights and retention were lower, and screenings higher in Planet compared to the winter varieties which highlights the significant effect of disease (even under high inputs).

Proteins were all above 11% and suggests yield was non limited by N

Net form of Net Blotch was the main disease which affected up to 80% of the canopy in Planet under standard conditions.

Laureate and Rosalind had superior disease resistance to Net form of net blotch to Planet, this meant lower fungicide strategies could be used in Laureate and Rosalind.

The addition of PGR to Laureate increased yield from 6.63 under standard management to 8.11t/ha, and 7.88t/ha in the higher fungicide inputs.

Laureate was the highest yielding treatment in the yper yielding system at 8.87t/ha, compared to Rosalind at 8.11 and Planet at 8.28.

The Planet data highlights it requires less intensive management when sowing dates are later than April (compared to TOS 1 GEM).

The best managed treatments in Laureate, RGT Planet, Rosalind and the Wheat Zanzibar yielded 10.7, 10.7, 10.5, and 8.2t/ha respectively, highlighting spring sown barley out yieldsspring sown wheat by up to 2t/ha (table 1)
Increasing fungicide inputs had little impact on grain yield in the cultivars Rosalind, Laureate and the wheat Zanzibar – this highlights the robustness of spring sowing for disease management and the fact high yields can be achieved with cheaper (without the SDHIs) and less fungicide inputs than Autumn sowing.
Laureate: Canopy management was important in Laureate, lower nitrogen rates had a bigger influence on grain yield in Laureate than higher seeding and N rates due to increased lodging (figure 1)
o High seeding density (360 seeds/m2), and high N rate (140kg N) yielded 8.2t/ha,
o Lower density (150 seeds/m2) and low N rate (70 kg N/ha) yielded 10.3 t/ha.
Planet: Highest yields were achieved at higher plant densities and high fungicide inputs irrespective of N strategy, highlighting Planet is less disease resistant but more tolerant to lodging than Laureate.
Rosalind: Higher yields were achieved at higher plant densities irrespective of N and fungicide strategy, this highlights the importance of higher seeding densities in shorter faster developing cultivars under spring sown conditions.
Test weights, screenings, and retention were all with malt specifications despite the heat during grain fill. Grain proteins ranged from 10.6 – 11.5 at low N in the malt cultivars Laureate and Planet, whereas at high N they ranged from 11.3 – 12.4 and were above malt specification in Laureate (Table 3)

- RGT Planet and Rosalind were the only varieties to achieve yields of over 7t/ha.
- Crop canopy management treatments were significant and ranged from 5.77 through to 6.55t/ha
- Despite producing adequate biomass for higher yields, harvest indices at this site were low and the cause of this needs to be explored further.
- Two DMI fungicides were sufficient to control disease with no benefit of a higher input (including SDHI and QoI actives) fungicide regime.
- The largest spread in yields from management was observed in Planet highlighting the importance of management in this cultivar,This is consistent with other HYC data.
- Given the absence of significant yield loss to disease, lodging or head loss, the response to management treatments was generally insignificant, with increasing N from 126N to 219N showing the greatest benefit.
- Defoliation did not significantly reduce yields in Planet and Rosalind and highlights that delayed flowering and canopy management was potentially an advantage in 2021.
- There is evidence of higher grain screenings in the winter cultivars with screenings over 4%, whereas below 2% in the springs
- However, even with a wet and cool grain filling, the 2 row winter barley Madness tested in this trial matured too late and was not competitive for yield.
- Faster winter barleys are likely to be required for WA’s high rainfall zone, however the 6 row winter Pixel achieved similar yields to Laperouse in 2021, but less than Rosalind and Planet.

 Selecting the best varieties is important to achieve Hyperyielding canola:
o HyTTec Trifecta (TT), 45Y28 RR and Xseed Condor (Truflex) were the highest yielding cultivars at both High and Low input.
 Extra inputs can increase yield potential in Hyperyielding canola:
o High input management (extra fungicide and nitrogen) increased grain yield (compared to Low Input) by an average of 0.74 t/ha.
 The best cultivars also had the strongest response to increasing inputs:
o The three highest yielding cultivars, HyTTec Trifecta, 45Y28 RR and Xseed Condor, increased yield by >0.9 t/ha with High Input management, compared with an average yield increase of 0.6 t/ha for the other six varieties.
o The increase in yield was mostly due to extra nitrogen in the High Input treatment.
 Increasing inputs (nitrogen and fungicide) increased final (maturity) biomass and increased harvest index.
 High yielding varieties can also have high oil concentration:
o Xseed Condor and HyTTec Trifecta had the highest oil concentration, increasing their potential gross income.

 Increasing the input of fungicide and nitrogen increased grain yield in 7/9 varieties.
 45Y28 RR and Nuseed Diamond yielded > 3 t/ha with High Input management.
 Spring non-TT varieties including 45Y28 RR, NCH18Q421 (Xseed Condor) and Nuseed Diamond were the highest yielding group, 0.4 and 0.5 t/ha higher yielding than the Spring TT and Winter varieties, respectively.

 There was no overall effect of increasing crop inputs or an interaction between input and variety choice.
 There were however large differences in yield between cultivars with the winter cultivars and the spring Clearfield cultivars the standouts. This is especially important since all cultivars (with the exception of the open-pollinated ATR Wahoo) would have similar seed cost.
 The winter cultivars grew more than double the vegetative biomass than the spring cultivars; 40% more biomass by maturity and were twice as tall, but grain yield was the same as the best spring Clearfield cultivars.
 The differences between winter and spring varieties in this trial highlights the need for the development of cultivars somewhere between these two groups for Hyperyielding grains regions.
 To improve grain yield in this region, there will need to be an increase in harvest index of the winter cultivars or an increase in biomass of the spring cultivars.
 Spring cultivars that were fast to develop (e.g. Nuseed Diamond) or slow to grow biomass (TT) were severely penalised for grain yield and even a very high conversion of biomass to grain (e.g. HyTTec Trifecta grew 3.57 t/ha grain with 9 t/ha biomass at maturity) was not enough to make up for low biomass.

 Variety responses differed with canopy management consistent with other trials.
 Additional Nitrogen had a detrimental effect on yield in the winter cultivar Cassiopee when the canopy was not managed. While the application of a PGR increased yield in Rosalind and Planet was not responsive to canopy management
 Disease pressure was lower than in previous years and similar yields were achieved between the standard and higher input fungicide strategy in all cultivars.
 These results confirm the importance of variety choice and management, Planet was the highest yielding cultivar across all management regimes, however Rosalind was able to achieve similar yields when managed with a PGR. The data highlights the downside risk of winter cultivar Cassiopee and suggests it is not as well adapted to Millicent conditions were large canopies are unavoidable. An additional PGR application may be required for the winter cultivar.
 Defoliation did not result in a yield penalty in any cultivar highlight the application of barley for dual purpose use (grain and graze).

 In a season with a wetter than average growing season and timely rainfall, the fast-developing spring barley Rosalind significantly out yielded RGT Planet (7.80t/ha) and the slower developing winter barley Cassiopee (7.70t/ha).
 There were significant visual differences in disease protection between the standard and high fungicide inputs which translated to yield increases of 0.93t/ha in the most susceptible cultivar RGT Planet and 0.49t/ha in Rosalind respectively. This means they require a more robust fungicide strategy whereas cultivars with improved resistance such as Cassiopee achieved similar yields with the standard management.
 Extra N increased yields but only when significant canopy management was adopted, however the management strategy depended on cultivar. When extra N was applied the plant growth regulator intervention increased yield by 0.9t/ha in the winter cultivar Cassiopee but not in other cultivars RGT Planet and Rosalind. RGT Planet and Rosalind benefited from defoliation
and both yielded 0.7t/ha higher when defoliated an extra N was applied where as Cassiopee did not benefit from defoliation.
 Defoliation was more effective at reducing lodging than the PGR strategy in all cultivars.
 These results highlight the importance of canopy management to improve the crop structure in the higher rainfall zone to maximize the yield and benefit of inputs such as fungicide and nitrogen.

 With a decile 1 start (sowing – early August), barley following canola exceeded 6 t/ha with the fast-developing spring cultivar Rosalind significantly higher yielding than RGT Planet (6.5 v 6.0 t/ha) and the slower developing winter cultivar Cassiopee (3.77 t/ha).
 The highest yields at the site were observed with Rosalind grown under a full fungicide package based on Systiva and two foliar sprays (6.7 t/ha), despite low disease levels at early stem elongation.
 This higher fungicide input increased harvest dry matter and grain yield relative to a cheaper triazole based two spray programme (standard input) when averaged across all cultivars.
 There was no yield benefit of plant growth regulation in the trial.
 Mechanical defoliation at GS30 “simulating grazing” reduced grain yields on average by 0.29 t/ha relative to the ungrazed crop. The yield penalty was greater in the winter cultivar Cassiopee which reached GS30 later in the spring.
 An additional 50kg N/ha had no significant effect on yield irrespective of fungicide, variety, or defoliation.

 The influence of germplasm choice was greater than the influence of crop management. RGT Planet yielded 9.59t/ha, and Rosalind 8.29t/ha. The spring wheat Trojan yielded 8.79t/ha.
 Spring barley is well suited to this position in the crop rotation and is yielding higher than spring wheat at this sowing date, this is in contrast to autumn planted crops where wheat is superior to barley.
 Fungicide strategy was the only management strategy to significantly influence yield but this depended on cultivar. Moving from a standard management increased yield from 8.79t/ha to 9.67t/ha in RGT Planet, while there was no additional benefit in Rosalind and Trojan highlighting the importance of genetic resistance if lower input fungicide strategies are going to be used.
 Increasing N inputs upfront and moving a proportion of the N inputs towards tillering did not increase yield. Increasing seed density to 450 seeds/m2 also did not offer any additional benefit
 Dry matters and Harvest Index results are still being processed

• Winter feed wheats RGT Accroc and Anapurna were significantly higher yielding than all other cultivars tested giving yields over 10t/ha and a 2t/ha advantage over Scepter.
• The ASW wheat DS Bennett was significantly higher yielding than all other white wheat milling varieties.
• Of the AH classified wheats Nighthawk and Beckom were the highest yielding (mean of the three managements).
• There was a significant reduction in yield as a result of defoliation (simulated grazing) at GS30 when the results from all cultivars were averaged.
• Although there was some evidence that the different varieties responded to management differentially the interaction was not statistically significant (p=0.06).
• Dry matter (DM) contents at harvest ranged from 17 – 20t/ha with significantly higher DM accumulation in the longer season winter wheats such as RGT Accroc, Anapurna and DS Bennett compared to Scepter.
• Greater dry matter accumulation with the winter wheat up to GS30 was the result of a longer vegetative period that correlated to higher tiller number per unit area and tillers/plant.
• At harvest however although there were more heads/m2 with winter wheats they were not always significantly higher than spring wheats indicating greater tiller mortality in winter wheats compared to springs.
• In general, disease (principally Septoria and stripe rust) has been controlled by the two spray programme set out in standard management approach, however those varieties that tended to give higher yields at higher input (not significant) were in general the more susceptible.
• The increased nutrition (18kg N/ha and 25kg S/ha) and PGR applied with the high input approach did not generate any notable yield gains.
• In those cultivars that lodged (Gregory, Catapult, Beckom and Trojan) there was no indication that the PGR application reduced lodging, although there were significant positive effects from grazing on standing power.
• Protein levels averaged just 11% and indicated that yields were optimised at the level of N application.
• Harvest indices for winter wheats were in general closer to 37-40% compared to higher yielding spring wheats that were closer to 45%.

 Winter feed wheats RGT Cesario, RGT Accroc and Anapurna were significantly higher yielding than all other cultivars tested giving yields over 11t/ha and a 3t/ha plus advantage over Scepter.
 The ASW wheat DS Bennett was significantly higher yielding than all other white wheat milling varieties exceeding 10t/ha but required higher input to achieve these yields.
 There was a significant (p=<0.001) interaction between management level and cultivar, indicating that influence of management was different when applied to the germplasm tested in this environment.
 Of the spring wheats Catapult and Scepter were the highest yielding when the mean of the three managements were considered.
 There was a significant reduction in yield as a result of defoliation (simulated grazing) at GS30 when the results from all cultivars were averaged, however the reduction was not apparent in DS Bennett, Scepter and Trojan. The reduction was greatest with latest
developing cultivar RGT Cesario (1.2t/ha).
 Although yield was unaffected by defoliation, Trojan and Scepter suffered a down grade in bin grade due to lowered grain protein, indicating that higher N input was required to replace N removed in the defoliation.
 All cultivars gave a yield response to high input management with a range 0.42 - 1.78t/ha, DS Bennett being the most responsive to higher input and RGT Cesario being the least responsive.
 Dry matter (DM) contents at harvest ranged from 16 – 24t/ha with significantly higher DM accumulation in the longer season winter wheats such as RGT Accroc, Anapurna and RGT Cesario compared to Scepter.
 Greater dry matter accumulation with the winter wheat up to GS30 was the result of a longer vegetative period that correlated to higher tiller number per unit area and tillers/plant.
 In general, disease (principally Septoria and stripe rust) has been controlled by the two-spray program set out in standard management approach, however those varieties that tended to give higher yields at higher input were in general the more susceptible cultivars.
 In those cultivars that lodged (Catapult, DS Bennett, Scepter and Trojan), both PGR and grazing reduced plot lodging compared to standard management without PGR.
 DS Bennett was most profitable across all management input levels. Spring wheats were most profitable under the high input management.
 The application of PGR’s significantly reduced crop height in all cultivars. DS Bennett was the only cultivar where grazing had a bigger effect on crop height than PGR’s.
 Protein levels averaged just 12% and indicated that yields were optimised at the level of N application. Grazing significantly reduced grain protein by 0.8% on average.
 Harvest indices for the higher yielding winter wheats were in general around 41% compared to spring wheats that averaged around 35%.

 The trial produced the highest yields since 2016 when HYC yields exceeded 16t/ha at the research centre.
 Four varieties yielded in excess of 14.5t/ha with Cesario under high input (five fungicide units, 260 kg N/ha and split PGR) topping the yields with 15.2t/ha. RGT Accroc and Big Red under the same input were slightly lower yielding than 15t/ha.
 The superior disease resistance (primarily STB and leaf rust) exhibited by Big Red and RGT Cesario resulted in superior yields under standard input compared to the more disease susceptible RGT Accroc and Anapurna.
 There was significant interaction between cultivar and management (p=0.039) meaning that cultivars responded differently to the three management levels applied.
 Although it was not always statistically significant mechanical defoliation “grazing” reduced the yield of the winter wheats relative to the standard management input. However with the earlier developing spring wheats there was no difference in performance.
 It should be noted that in part the reduction in yield with the winter wheats might have been partially offset by adding more nitrogen post grazing.
 Both Scepter and Trojan gave significant yield increases in response to higher input, principally associated with additional fungicide.

 Grain protein levels indicated that levels of N fertiliser applied did not need to be increased from 200 to 260kg N/ha as only Tabasco had a protein level below 10.3%.
 Influence of fungicide input was most evident in Trojan, particularly with regard to test weight.

 Winter type cultivars outyielded the spring cultivars by 3.3 to 4.9t/ha across all levels of input management. Winter red feed wheat Anapurna significantly outyielded all other cultivars except RGT Cesario.
 The response to higher input (PGR, 4 units of fungicide, additional N) was greatest with RGT Accroc (4.38t/ha) which was greater than Anapurna (2.17t/ha) > Calabro (2.03t/ha) > Big Red (1.94t/ha) > RGT Cesario (1.17t/ha).
 The rank order of these responses to higher input primarily aligns with susceptibility to Septoria tritici blotch (STB) and leaf rust susceptibility so it would appear that fungicide input was an important aspect of the higher input (4 units vs 2 units).
 There was no significant interaction of cultivar and management observed in this trial, meaning that all varieties responded roughly the same to the different management levers, with all varieties responding to the high input strategy.
 Cesario was the only cultivar to achieve >10 t/ha in all three management strategies (grazed, standard and high input) and was the most resistant to disease.
 In addition, Cesario was the only cultivar to accumulate statistically similar levels of total dry matter at harvest in the grazed compared to the high input strategy, which likely led to it being the only cultivar to achieve 10t/ha grain yield in the grazed strategy.
 Anapurna maintained % grain protein (>13%) across all management strategies. This was also achieved in the spring milling cultivar Trojan, whilst the other spring milling cultivar, Scepter, achieved significantly higher protein (≥14.4%) in the Standard and High Input strategies than all other cultivars and strategies.
 11t/ha grain yields were observed in varieties that achieved over 20t/ha dry matters at harvest.
 

• The awnless feed wheat SFR86-090 (RGT Cesario) was the top yielding variety under high input management at 9.88t/ha, however its yield was not significantly different to the winter varieties Anapurna and Tabasco.
• Unlike SFR86-090, Anapurna and Tabasco gave no significant reduction in yield when input level was reduced to standard input (120N, 2 Fungicide units, no PGR) from high (160N, 4 Fungicide units and 2 PGRs).
• Protein levels of 11 – 11.6% for most feed wheats indicated that yields were maximised at 120N with no need to go to 160N in the high N input.
• The sowing date was too early for the spring wheat germplasm (Trojan and Scepter) which developed too quickly (flowering 22-25 September) even when defoliated (simulated grazing).
• Defoliation at GS30 resulted in greater dry matter offtake with later developing cultivars, Tabasco giving over 2100kg/ha with defoliation on 25 August, compared to RGT Accroc which produced 1340kg/ha from 7 August defoliation.
• In contrast to previous seasons, there was little yield penalty for defoliation observed in the high yielding winter wheats compared to standard and high input, a possible indication that yield potential at standard and higher input was restricted.
• There were a number of factors that were the possible causes but warmer than average temperatures in November, leaf rust pressure, later army worm and low-level crown rot could have been factors.
• The dominant foliar diseases in the trial were Septoria tritici blotch (STB) with leaf rust also a significant disease. Late stripe rust was also observed in the trial, particularly in Trojan.
• In terms of yield potential, elevated temperatures in early November may have limited yield potential, but local commercial yields were higher and Tabasco with its late flowering (1st December) was still one of the highest yielding cultivars.
• With the exception of Tabasco the highest yielding cultivars flowered in the last 10 days of October, the period traditionally associated with the highest yields from this mid-April sowing date over the last three years at the SA CTC.

• There was a significant interaction between variety and management on grain yield with Anapurna, Nighthawk, Beaufort and Cobra giving statistically similar yields under the three management regimes (low, standard, high).
• In contrast, cultivars such as Zanzibar (spring feed wheat), gave almost 2.5t/ha yield increase as input moved from lower input to higher input.
• The winter wheat Anapurna and spring wheat Zanzibar grown under a high input regime (three fungicides, 160kg N and PGR) were the only varieties to yield over 10t/ha, with Anapurna topping the yields at 10.6t/ha.
• Unlike Zanzibar, Anapurna maintained yields over 9t/ha when grown under reduced management strategies primarily as a result of significantly better disease resistance.
• The dominant disease was Septoria tritici blotch (STB) with leaf rust present throughout the season and a late stripe rust infection evident in susceptible varieties.
• Varieties giving over a 1.4t/ha increase in yield when grown under higher input compared to low input were Zanzibar, RGT Accroc and Catapult.
• All protein levels were 11% or above therefore it was concluded that grain yield was not compromised by lack of nitrogen supply (soil & fertiliser).
• Of the newer milling wheat options Rockstar outperformed Catapult and the controls of Scepter and Trojan, a difference that was significant when inputs were reduced under the low input management approach.
• Harvest dry matters varied from approximately 14 – 18t/ha compared to 13 – 19.5t/ha at the first sowing date (excluding defoliation treatments at the first sowing date).

• The winter feed wheat RGT Accroc (awned) was significantly higher yielding under all managements compared to other varieties tested and exceeded 10t/ha under high input management.
• In general, grazing (mechanical defoliation at GS30) had less impact on yield with faster developing cultivars which reached GS30 earlier in the season (e.g. Scepter, Nighthawk, RGT Accroc and DS Bennett) compared to the slower developing wheats (e.g. RGT Calabro, Tabasco and Manning).
• Septoria tritici blotch (STB) was the principal disease in the majority of varieties, however the varieties subject to stripe rust infection, Trojan and Scepter, saw the biggest improvement in yield (2.95t/ha and 1.63t/ha respectively) associated with greater fungicide input under the high management approach.
• Tabasco, a slow developing winter wheat from northern Europe with good disease resistance and standing power was significantly higher yielding under the standard input management compared to the high input management regime giving no yield response to additional fungicide, N or PGR input.
• Scepter under high input management was the highest yielding (9.03t/ha) quality milling wheat and was 13.4% lower yielding than the highest yielding feed wheat (10.42t/ha).
• Above ground dry matter available for grazing varied from 150kg/ha with the spring wheats to over 2000 kg/ha with the long season winter wheats.

 Winter red feed wheat Anapurna yielded significantly higher (2.0t/ha plus) than the spring milling cultivars planted in mid-May, but showed no significant yield difference in response to the three management levels applied.
 Rockstar (>9 t/ha) yielded significantly more than the other spring milling cultivars tested, all of which yielded less than 8t/ha when averaged over the three management levels.
 Although no significant differences were observed, protein content of all cultivars across the three management strategies were >13% except Anapurna under the standard management.
 There were no significant differences in harvest dry matter between the low input high seeding rate and high input management strategies.
 Higher grain yields with Anapurna correlated to significantly higher dry matter (approximately 20t/ha)
 Rockstar milling wheat was significantly higher yielding than other spring wheats with a trend for higher harvest dry matter compared to other milling wheats.

The10 kg N treatment yielded significantly higher than all other treatments except 50kg N, and was the only treatment to yield >8 t/ha.
Yield declined with additional Nitrogen.
10 units of N achieved 8.21t/ha and 290kg N achieved 7.27t/ha, this yield decline was not
due to haying off but due to excessive biomass production early in the season resulting in
lodging and brackling.
Protein levels were above 11.8% in all treatments and suggests N was not limiting yield in all
treatments.
Other grain quality parameters were not influenced by N.

 Nutrition treatments had no effect on harvest dry matter, grain yield, test weight or screenings.
 Based on the grain protein and yield of the unfertilised plots which received 100kg/ha MAP (10N), the unfertilised plots removed 225kg N/ha from the soil for the N present in the grain.
 If it is assumed that 75% of the N in the canopy resides in the grain with 25% in the straw and chaff, then it is assumed the crop removed 299kg N/ha from the soil to grow the crop.
 The trial indicated that additional N, P and K applied in this trial did not increase yield with a trend (not significant) for N application to reduce grain yield and harvest dry matter.
 With grain protein at 12.5% in the unfertilised plots there was a significant increase in protein when 150 – 240N was applied.
 Although not significant, the 0N and 120N treatments were the only treatments to achieve grain yield >10 t/ha.

Planet harvested on time yielded 4.79t/ha and 1t less at 3.75 when harvest was delayed by 21 days.

Pixel yielded 9.25t/ha when harvested on time, and 2t less when harvest was delayed by 21 days at 7.37t/ha.

PGRs had a significant impact on plant architecture, however there was minimal lodging in this experiment.

PGR yield responses were variable but never yielded lower than untreated when harvest was delayed.

This highlights the differences in yield loss to head loss and shattering in different cultivars and suggests harvest logistics are likely to be more effective than PGRs in managing yield losses.

A single application of a PGR Moddus @GS31 did not reduce height in Pixel and Planet despite significantly reducing the first internode height demonstrating some evidence of bounce back.

A two-spray approach of a PGR Moddus @GS31 and Moddus @GS39 significantly reduced height from 108cm to 99cm in Pixel, and from 85cm to 80cm in Planet.

A two-spray approach of a PGR Moddus @GS31 and Ethephon @GS39 significantly reduced height similar to the Moddus combination.

Peduncle length was shortened from 25.6 to 21.8cm in Pixel, and from 21.4 to 16.7cm in Planet when the second application of a Moddus PGR was applied at GS39, the ethephon PGR reduced peduncle length to a greater degree down to 19.8cm in pixel, and 11.9cm in Planet.

RGT Planet yielded higher (7.03t/ha) than Buff (5.34t/ha).
Harvest timing had a significant effect on grain yield reducing yield by 1t/ha in both Planet and Buff with a 12 day after harvest ripe.
Moddus applied at GS31 only, and the combination of 200ml/ha at GS31 and GS37, yielded similar to the treatment which included Ethephon at GS49.
All PGR timings yielded similar to untreated irrespective of harvest date, however this has not been the case in previous experiments. In previous seasons harvest delays of greater than 14 days has resulted in greater yield losses in untreated plots compared to PGR
treatments.

 When harvested on time RGT Planet achieved a grain yield of 8.8 t/ha significantly higher than the winter cultivar Cassiopee at 6.6 t/ha.
 Delaying harvest timing by 3 weeks resulted in a significant yield penalty of 2.2 t/ha and 1.7t/ha in RGT Planet and Cassiopee respectively. This highlights the importance of harvesting barley in a timely manner.
 Applications of PGRs did not increase yield when harvest was delayed at this site in 2020. A significant weather event occurred prior to the timing of harvest in the ‘on time’ treatments which may have masked some of the treatment effects.

 RGT Planet achieved a grain yield of 8.3 t/ha significantly higher than the winter cultivar Cassiopee at 8.0 t/ha when harvested on time.
 Untreated (without PGR) and harvested on time achieved an average yield of 7.89t/ha and delaying harvest by three weeks yielded 0.47t/ha less at 7.42t/ha due to headloss. PGR’s increased yield on average irrespective of harvest date and enable growers more time to manage harvest logistics with limited downside risk. The two-spray strategy of a PGR at G31 followed by a second application at GS37 – 49 yielded significantly higher at 8.32t/ha when harvested on time, and did not suffer a yield penalty when harvest three weeks later.
 Irrespective of harvest date the PGR had the largest effect in Cassiopee and the use of a single PGR at GS31 increased yield by 0.5t/ha compared to untreated. This application benefit was primarily due to reducing lodging, the addition of a second application at GS37 did not further increase yield, however when the GS31 application was combined with a later application at GS49 yield increased 1.45t/ha due to the added head loss control.
 There wasn’t any significant yield difference across all treatments in RGT Planet relative to the untreated control. While there was consistently 5 – 10 heads/m2 on the ground from delaying harvest in RGT Planet, these were not enough to influence yield.
 The pressure on head loss was less at this site in 2020 compared to other hyper yielding centers highlights under moderate head loss pressure RGT planet is unlikely to benefit from PGR applications while winter cultivars will require them.
 These results require further validation in 2021 but have demonstrated there is little downside risk with the use of PGRs in the higher rainfall zone. This works well for farm logistics and the timings of a PGR application at GS31 and later application could also be combined with the most effective fungicide timings.

 Buff achieved a grain yield of 6.29 t/ha significantly higher than RGT Planet at 5.85 t/ha when harvested on time.
 Harvest logistics and cultivar choice was the major factors influencing yield losses due to a delay in harvest. Buff suffered a 1.83t/ha yield penalty from delaying harvest by 3 weeks, and RGT Planet 1.07t/ha.
 Despite large yield losses to delaying harvest, plant growth regulators (PGRs) applied at all three timings did not offer any yield advantage in both cultivars whether harvested on time or when harvest was delayed. This is important because growers can have confidence in higher head loss risk areas that yield potential is unlikely to be compromised by PGR applications.
 Current recommendations to growers are to ensure timely harvest and to choose cultivars with improved head retention. Yields were lower than expected in 2020 and the additional benefits of PGR application for lodging and brackling control were not observed in this experiment.
 The use of PGRs for head loss control requires further development in 2021 but these and other center results have demonstrated there is little downside risk with the use of PGRs in the higher rainfall zone and a GS31 and later application could be combined with the most effective fungicide timings.

Yield began to decline under seeding rates less than 160 seeds/m2.
Increasing seeding rates up to 300 seeds m2 did not further improve yield.
These results confirm that seeding densities should remain above 150 seeds/m2 in barley in the HRZ.

Despite high yields and a 14 day delay in harvest further yield losses and a higher incidences of brackling, lodging, and headloss did not occur from later harvest.
Irrespective of harvest timing PGRs increased yield in Rosalind by 0.5t/ha across all timings, were as yields were the same in Planet (Table 2).
Brackling and Lodging responses to PGRs were variable and not consistent.
Later applications od PGRs reduced headloss in both cultivars, however numbers were low and too insignificant to reduce yield.

 RGT Planet achieved a grain yield of 9.57 t/ha significantly higher than Rosalind at 8.37t/ha.

 Delaying harvest had little impact on grain yield and were similar to crops harvested on time

 Despite a lack of response to a harvest delay, plant growth regulators still had a positive influence on yield but only when they were applied in a split treatment at GS31 and either GS37 or GS49. PGR applied at GS31 achieved a yield of 8.8t/ha and when applied in a split treatment achieved yields of 9.2t/ha

 These results require further validation in 2021 but have demonstrated there is little downside trade off with the use of PGRs in the higher rainfall zone and a GS31 and later application could be combined with the most effective fungicide timings.

 45Y95 CL was the highest yielding cultivar in the CLF trial with a yield of 6.51t/ha.
 Hyola Blazer TT was the highest yielding cultivar in the TT trial with a yield of 6.59t/ha.
 In the conventional trial, Quartz was higher yielding than the two European spring cultivars.
 There was some shattering caused by a storm close to harvest. Generally, cultivars with the highest yield had low shattering scores.
 There was less of an impact of lodging on yield, with some of the higher yielding cultivars also being scored high for lodging.

There was no statistical difference in the grain yield of the glyphosate tolerant varieties, with a trial mean yield of 4.42t/ha.
 45Y95 CL was the highest yielding variety in the Clearfield trial with a yield of 5.5t/ha. Average yield of the Clearfield trial was 4.81t/ha.
 Only two cultivars were sown in the conventional trial with the European cultivar AGFCA014720 yielding 0.74t/ha more than Quartz. Mean yield of the Conventional trial was 4.4t/ha.
 There was no statistical difference in yield of the TT trial, with a mean yield of 4.37t/ha.
 Average protein of the four trials was 21%, meaning there was an average of 33.6kg/ha nitrogen removed per tonne of grain.
 Seed size was large overall, with an average of 5.05 grams/1000 seeds.
 There were differences in oil concentration with PS-21XC318 having highest oil in the glyphosate trial; PS-CL21211 highest in the CLF trial and ATR Wahoo and HyTTec Trifecta highest in the TT trial.

 The screen trials were conducted to identify new commercial cultivars with suitability for high yielding environments.
 45Y93 CL was the highest yielding cultivar in the CLF trial but there were no statistical differences in yield in the RR/Truflex and TT trials.
 Trial mean yield was 3.82, 3.75 and 3.35t/ha in the CLF, RR/Truflex and TT trials respectively.
 Significant difference in oil content between the varieties in the CLF, RR/Truflex and TT groups.

 Diamond was the fastest cultivar to flowering, nine days faster than ADV Galaxy and 38 days faster than the slowest cultivar ADV Magnificent.
 The optimum flowering date for this environment is late August/early September, which suited high yielding mid-season cultivars such as Nuseed Quartz, HyTTec Trifecta, 45Y93 CL, 45Y28 RR, NCH18Q551 and AN20RR002.
 The highest yield was from the unreleased Nuseed cultivar NCH18Q551 with 5.61 t/ha, 0.93 t/ha higher yielding than the highest winter variety.
 The average yield of each herbicide tolerance group was:
o Conventional – 4.70 t/ha
o Triazine tolerant (including CLF + TT) – 4.46 t/ha
o Clearfield (including Truflex + Clearfield) – 4.60 t/ha
o RR/Truflex – 5.20 t/ha.
 This highlights the very-high yield potential of the RR/Truflex group and suitability for HYC environments. NCH18Q551 also had the highest oil concentration, the only cultivar >50%.
 The overall oil yield of the highest yielding treatment NCH18Q551 was 2.82 t/ha, 34% more than the lowest yielding cultivar, Nuseed Diamond. This highlights the importance of cultivar choice for Hyperyielding environments.

 Diamond was clearly the fastest cultivar but there were several grouped together at the slower end including the commercial cultivars SF Ignite TT, ATR Wahoo and 45Y25 RR.
 Four cultivars, including ADV Equinox, ADV Galaxy, NCH18Q421 (now Xseed Condor) and AN20RR002 achieved grain yield > 4 t/ha, compared with none in the winter screen trial.

 The mid-maturity cultivars 45Y93 CL, 45Y91 CL and Nuseed Quartz were the highest yielding cultivars. These cultivars all had at least average oil concentration.
 Average grain yield of the spring screen was 3.28 t/ha compared with 4.14 t/ha in the winter screen. Only one of 16 spring cultivars achieved 4 t/ha grain yield compared with 7/9 in the winter screen.
 The conventional and Clearfield cultivars were on average 0.4 and 0.5 t/ha (13 and 16%) higher yielding than the triazine tolerant cultivars, highlighting the fitness penalty that comes with triazine tolerance.
 Many of the lowest yielding cultivars also had very low oil, reducing profitability further.

 45Y95 CL was the standout variety in this trial with a mean yield (across treatments) of 6.43t/ha. This was 78% higher yielding than the open pollinated ATR Wahoo.
 45Y95 CL grew very high biomass (18.65 t/ha) and had a high harvest index (0.36). It is rare to have such a high conversion of biomass to grain (HI) at such a high biomass level and is a fundamental driver of achieving hyper yields.
 45Y95 CL had a high number of seeds per pod as well as a high number of pods/m². This compares to ATR Wahoo which had a high number of seeds/pod but a low number of pods/m²; and Condor TF which had a high number of pods/m², but a relatively low number of seeds/pod.
 The High Input Management was higher yielding than both the Low and Medium Input management. The yield increased compared to Medium Input which suggests that this was driven by disease control; however it was difficult to ascertain which disease was causing yield loss. Fungicide reduced disease levels, but most diseases were at a low level including
sclerotinia.
 The RR/Truflex cultivars 45Y28 RR and Condor TF had the highest oil concentration with 48.8 and 48.3% respectively.
 Protein averaged 20.3%, meaning that 32.4kg/ha N was harvested per tonne of grain harvested.
 There was no effect of management on any of the grain quality parameters.

 45Y28 RR was the standout variety in this trial, with yield close to 5t/ha with High Input Management. Overall, it was 0.6t/ha higher yielding than the next best cultivar, HyTTec Trifecta.
 There was an overall yield increase of 0.33t/ha with High Input management compared with Low Input management.
 45Y28 RR had the highest biomass (at maturity) and the highest harvest index.
 Disease levels were low and there was no difference between treatments.
 Condor TF had the highest oil concentration, 2.1% higher than 45Y28 RR.
 There was no effect of management on any of the grain quality parameters.
 Protein averaged 21.8%, 4.4% higher than the Winter GEM trial. On average, an extra 7kg of N was removed in the Spring GEM per tonne of grain, compared with the winter GEM.

 Hybrid RR/Truflex canola (45Y28 RR and Condor TF) produced a higher yield than TT canola (HyTTec Trifecta and ATR Wahoo) but there was no difference in oil between groups with an average of 48%.
 Condor TF was the highest yielding in the RR/Truflex group and HyTTec Trifecta was higher yielding than ATR Wahoo in the TT group.
 Harvest index was high (average 0.36) but there was no difference between cultivars.
 Blackleg crown canker infection was reduced with increasing fungicide input, being the lowest in the high input treatment where Saltro Duo was applied to seed and Prosaro was applied at the 6-leaf stage. Despite this, there was no effect of input level on grain yield.
 There was minimal presence of upper canopy blackleg and sclerotinia stem rot.

 There were no significant differences in grain yield as result of grazing Trojan at GS30 but yield was reduced when grazing was delayed to GS32 (second node).
 There was evidence of frost in the ungrazed plots indicating that the slightly earlier flowering period in the ungrazed was not disadvantaged which can often be the case when spring wheat is sown in mid-late April.
 The delayed grazing strategy (GS32) resulted in lower grain yield and higher screenings, however there was an increase in grain protein content.
 Grazing late at GS32 resulted in an increase in grain protein and correlates to the lower yield in this treatment.

• All defoliation treatments reduced grain yield relative to the “ungrazed” crop except the light graze treatment in Trojan.
• Those defoliation treatments that removed larger amounts of dry matter at stem elongation (GS30-32) invariably reduced grain yield more.
• The concept of “resetting” Trojan at GS32 was unsuccessful in maintaining or increasing yield.
• In Trojan “light grazing” (as opposed to hard grazing) did not reduce grain yield and was the only treatment that showed canopy compensation by flowering (GS61) when assessed by canopy reflectance (NDVI).
• With Trojan “light grazing” at GS30 which removed only 240kg/ha on July 7 increased margins by the value of the grazing $60/ha plus a small increase in grain output (not significant) of $53/ha.

• All defoliation treatments reduced grain yield relative to the ungrazed crop except the “light graze” GS30 treatment in Trojan and the tillering defoliation (GS23) in RGT Accroc.
• Those defoliation treatments that removed larger amounts of dry matter at stem elongation (GS30-32) invariably reduced grain yield more.
• The concept of resetting Trojan at GS32 was unsuccessful in maintaining or increasing yield from a late April sow date. In addition, the undefoliated crop was not affected by frost.
• In Trojan both “light grazing” and “hard grazing” did not reduce yield with all treatments showing canopy compensation by flowering when assessed by canopy reflectance.
• With Trojan at 25 cents/kg dry matter and $300/t for grain the light grazing was the only treatment to produce a similar margin to the ungrazed control.
• In RGT Accroc where grazing was later than planned (and past the cut off of GS30) GS31 defoliation produced large dry matter offtakes and large reductions in grain yield but at the prices chosen would have been more profitable than the ungrazed control.
• The most profitable crop was the RGT Accroc defoliated at the end of tillering (GS29) which gave yields equal to the ungrazed and 3200 kg/ha dry matter removed.

• All defoliation treatments applied post GS30 reduced grain yield relative to the ungrazed and crops grazed at GS30.
• Although shorter grazing (hard grazing) produced more dry matter and gave slightly larger reductions in grain yield than light grazing, the differences were not statistically significant.
• With later grazing dates, due to a longer vegetative period, dry matter offtakes were significantly greater with RGT Accroc than with Trojan.
• The concept of “resetting Trojan” at GS32 was unsuccessful in terms of grain yield with a 22 April sown crop in the absence of any frost events.
• The development stage of grazing and degree of grazing (hard or light) were well correlated to preventing crop lodging due to reduced crop height and in some cases significantly less harvest dry matter.
• Unless the crop was reset with defoliation post GS30 at GS32 there was little noticeable difference in flowering date, although as would be expected RGT Accroc flowered later than Trojan.

 There were large differences in the standability of the canola cultivars at this site. The winter canola got very tall (some cultivars ~210 cm) before lodging, partly due driven by the very high fertility of the paddock.
 The cultivars with the least lodging included RGT Nizza CL, SF-056-CL and AGFCA014120.
 AGFCA014120 was the highest yielding (grain only) cultivar, significantly higher than most other commercial cultivars including Hyola Feast CL, Hyola 970CL and RGT Nizza. CL.
 AGFCA014120 also had the highest oil concentration.
 Highly vigorous cultivars such as Hyola Feast CL are likely better suited to dual purpose canola production rather than grain only.

 There was no statistical difference in grain yield of the 12 cultivars with an average yield of 4.01t/ha.
 Oil concentration was highest from AGFCA014120 with 48.7%. The trial average was 46.9%.
 There was a range of 9 days from the start of flowering of the quickest winter cultivars - Hyola Feast CL and CL214103, and the slowest cultivar, SF65-056-CL.

 There is a gradual shift earlier in flowering date with new cultivars, with the recently released Phoenix CL, SF Nizza CL and now Hyola Feast CL (CL82005) all being at least five days faster to flower than the industry benchmark Hyola 970CL.
 The fastest winter was still however 19 days slower to flower than the slowest spring cultivar, highlighting the need for local breeding to fill this space.
 CL82005 (now Hyola Feast CL) was the highest yielding variety and had the highest oil concentration. It will form a major part of HYC canola trial programs in coming seasons.
 The mean yield of the winter screen of 4.04 t/ha was 0.74 t/ha below the mean yield of the spring screen. The flowering date of the winter cultivars was later than ideal for the region, whereas the spring cultivars can flower close to the optimum flowering date (late August-early September).

 CL82005, now released as Hyola Feast CL was the highest yielding cultivar, with a yield of 3.99 t/ha.
 Hyola Feast CL was > 0.6 t/ha higher yielding than the two other most popular winter canola cultivars in the trial, Edimax CL and Hyola 970CL.
 There were subtle differences between the oil concentration cultivars, but not to the magnitude of the differences in grain yield.

 There was no difference in grain yield or oil concentration in the nine winter cultivars in this trial.
 Seed size was highest in Edimax CL and CL210004, and lowest in CL82003 and CL82005.
 CL82005 has since been released as Hyola Feast CL.

 Hyola Feast CL was 0.5t/ha higher yielding than Hyola 970CL (averaged across treatments).
 The high input management was higher yielding than both the Low and Medium management.
 The trial was badly lodged. Like the winter screen trial, lodging was worse in Hyola Feast CL than Hyola 970CL (data not shown).
 Lodging made the trial difficult to score for disease but there was infection of sclerotinia stem rot that was reduced by the late Prosaro in the High input management (more data available on fungicide response in winter disease management trial).

 There was no difference in the yield of Hyola Feast CL and Hyola 970CL in this trial and no impact of increasing crop inputs.
 Oil of Hyola Feast CL was higher than Hyola 970CL but Hyola Feast CL had smaller seed.
 Average protein was 17.4%, meaning only 27.4kg of nitrogen was removed with every tonne of grain.
 

 Hyola Feast CL yielded more than Hyola 970 CL and had higher oil content, likely because it flowered 10 days earlier than Hyola 970 CL.
 No yield difference between the fungicide management schemes.
 No interaction between variety and fungicide management and nitrogen rate.
 Neither blackleg nor sclerotinia disease infection was observed in this trial.

• The Kerang site had a Potassium (K) soil level (0-10cm) that exceeded 600 ppm (Colwell K) at sowing and showed no yield response to additional K applied in crop.
• As was the case at Yenda the application of K as potassium sulphate at V4 or V8 saw no change in leaf tissue levels when compared to the control (no added K) assessed at V10 or tasselling.
• Harvest results showed no response to added potassium, indicating that the soil was able to supply the required potassium to the crop.
• There was no evidence of luxury uptake of K in tissue and grain samples (assessed in untreated, 40 (tissue only) and 80 kg /ha K).

• The Yenda site had a Potassium (K) soil level (0-10cm) that exceeded 500 ppm (Colwell K) at sowing and showed no yield response to additional K applied post sowing in crop.
• Application of K as potassium sulphate at V4 and or V8 saw no change in leaf tissue levels when compared to the control (no added K) when tissues were assessed at V8 or tasselling.
• Harvest results showed no response to added potassium, indicating that the soil was able to supply the required potassium to the crop.
• There was no evidence of luxury uptake of K in tissue and grain samples (assessed in untreated and 80 kg /ha K).

• The highest yield (4.17 t/ha) was achieved with Flutriafol (in furrow) and Miravis (based on 90 g/ha ai pydiflumetofen) at 4-6 leaf, this was higher yielding (not significant) than the untreated plots (3.89 t/ha) and gave 88-94% control of stem canker (blackleg) infection (incidence).
• Miravis without Flutriafol in furrow gave 45-47% control of stem canker.
• No sclerotinia infection was identified in the trial.
• Control of phoma leaf spot on lower canopy leaves from seed treatment and 4-6 leaf application was recorded at approximately 37-43% when assessed 6 leaf.
• There was no significant difference in blackleg infection between any of the treatments when assessed at early flowering.
• Overall, for the second year running the use of different fungicide strategies and products has led to large differences in crop canopy appearance but few significant yield increases.

• Experimental PGR management (based on a gibberellin inhibitor) in irrigated canola resulted in significant differences in crop canopy height but no significant effect on seed yield irrespective of plant population.
• Reducing plant population did significantly reduce crop height at 80% flowering, however there was no difference in crop height at harvest due to plant population.
• The highest seedrate 100seeds/m2 of the TT hybrid produced significantly higher yields than lower seedrates when the effects of PGR treatments were averaged.
• There was no benefit in harvested seed yield although the canopy was more suitable for direct heading due to its shorter stature at harvest.

• There were no significant differences between yield with just 0.11 t/ha separating the highest and lowest canola yield (4.27-4.38 t/ha) following soil amelioration treatments set up in March 2020 following faba beans in the 2020 season that did respond to amelioration.
• The soil amelioration treatments produced small significant effects (up to 1.3% oil content) on canola oil content with surface applied organic amendment (lucerne pellets applied in 2020) reducing by 0.9% oil content compared to deep ripped organic amendment (35-40cm depth).
• The un ameliorated control and deep ripped gypsum had significantly higher oil content than those treatments that utilised organic amendments, but differences were small.
• Deep applied gypsum had significantly lower dry matter at 60% flower (4.27 t/ha) compared to other treatments (5.48 – 6.34 t/ha), but this was not significant at harvest.
• There were no significant differences between dry matter at harvest (p=0.054).

In South Australia and Victoria, RGT Cesario showed greater resistance to STB and demonstrated smaller yield differences due to the number of fungicide treatments applied. In Tasmania, Anapurna demonstrated intermediate resistance to STB and greater resistance to stripe rust in the early developmental stages with resultant higher yields as a result.

RGT Accroc and Revenue showed a much greater yield response to fungicides than Anapurna and RGT Cesario regardless of site, year, or starting disease pressure, illustrating that genetic resistance to STB was the best tool for reducing fungicide input costs. However, high yields could still be achieved with RGT Accroc, but only with very high fungicide use.

The IDM approach based on two units of fungicide at first - second node (GS31) and flag leaf (GS39) consistently performed slightly poorer than the 4 fungicide program, but this difference was rarely significant in terms of disease pressure or yield, except occasionally with susceptible cultivars, very high disease pressure and higher overall yields. The best result for the 4 unit fungicide program was in very high yielding environments where highly susceptible varieties were being managed for high disease pressure. While the IDM approach has held up well over the two years of this trial, the trial demonstrated that cultivars such as RGT Cesario and Anapurna only have a finite lifespan of genetic resistance to disease (STB resistance of Anapurna declining over the course of the project and RGT Accroc and RGT Cesario showing susceptibility to stripe rust for the first time in 2022).

The economic analysis in appendix iv. informs the following section. In 2021, RGT Cesario had no significant yield difference between fungicide treatments and therefore the gross margins likely declined as greater amounts of fungicides were applied. In 2022, the untreated RGT Cesario did have significantly lower yields than any of the other fungicide treatments that would have justified the use of 1-2 units of fungicides in Millicent and Hagley. The difference on the mainland between untreated RGT Cesario and full protection was 0.97t/ha in Millicent and 1.35t/ha in Gnarwarre. The increase in yield at Gnarwarre with RGT Cesario would have justified using 4 fungicides and did increase the net margins over the untreated, however yields were not significantly different from the 2 unit IDM approach at any site. Therefore overall, the IDM approach is likely to be the best economically viable for RGT Cesario.

Revenue and RGT Accroc had larger responses to fungicide in both years which were greater than the 0.32t/ha required to break even financially when using a full fungicide protection program based on 4 units of fungicide. Fully protected RGT Accroc was the highest yielding variety (6.94t/ha) at Gnarwarre in 2022 that showcased its potential when protected from disease. While this was not the case in other states, there can still be an economic case made for using RGT Accroc in preference to other germplasm if it’s well protected. Revenue responded strongly to fungicide but performed more poorly than all other varieties regardless of the site or the treatment use. The genetic yield potential and resistance of Revenue makes it a weak candidate for variety selection. Anapurna in 2022 was the highest yielding variety (11.12t/ha) at the Hagley site and gave a significant yield response to a full fungicide over the IDM approach in each disease starting point scenario. In contrast, Anapurna performed poorer than RGT Accroc in both Hagley and Gnarwarre in 2021 when stripe rust was not a factor in the trials. Anapurna has lower yield potential than RGT Cesario but its
performance in 2022 held up more strongly relative to other cultivars making it still good candidate to be considered, particularly in Tasmania and SE SA.

The use of flutriafol for STB control did not significantly improve the yield over the standard stubble (untreated with flutriafol) at any site. The long growing season in the high rainfall zone reduced the efficacy of flutriafol treated MAP as the effect of the active ingredient declines at earlier development stages (GS31 – GS33) before the flag leaf develops. However, where stripe rust control
is required flutriafol is key ingredient. In some trials, infected stubble did reduce yield and increased disease pressure relative to the Flutriafol and standard stubble treatments and also illustrated greater yield responses to subsequent follow up foliar fungicides illustrating that wheat on wheat rotation positions potentially increase STB disease pressure.

• Lodging began in early October in the control (no PGR) and trace element treatments.
• The application of the micronutrients copper and manganese had no effect on plant height or in reducing lodging.
• The grazing and Moddus Evo were effective in reducing plant height and lodging.
• Yield was increased by all treatments over the control.
• Grazing had a negative effect on grain protein and retention. This reduced the grain quality to feed grade (too low in protein).
• Grazing did result in 1.4 t/ha of dry matter being taken off the plots.

 The application of nitrogen as urea did not increase grain yield in this trial, with only the application of manure increasing yield. Manure applied with 225 kg/ha N yielded 0.55 t/ha more than the same rate of N applied alone.
 The reasons for the manure response are not clear, as the site had high background N and P levels and the response came over and above high application rates of both nutrients.
 There was no effect of nutrition on grain quality or lodging.

 A grain yield of close to 6t/ha was achieved where a high rate of nitrogen fertiliser was combined with the application of animal manure to replicate high fertility soils.
 The manure alone increased yield by 0.75t/ha and raised the bar on our understanding of achievable yield for canola for this environment.
 Yields responses to granular urea N peaked at 150kg N/ha and similar yields were achieved between 150, 225, and 300kg/ha of applied N.

 A grain yield of close to 5t/ha was achieved where a high rate of nitrogen fertiliser combined with the application of animal manure to replicate high soil fertility.
 The manure alone increased yield by 0.77t/ha. The high rate of manure applied may not always be profitable but shows that yield is being limited by nutrition beyond just fertilisernitrogen application.
 Yield responses to applied nitrogen fertiliser plateaued at 75kg N/ha and similar yields were achieved between 75, 150, 225, and 300kg/ha of applied N (urea).

 Lodging of Hyola Feast CL increased with increasing nutrition, to the point where at the highest nutrition rates the plots were close to completely flat.
 There was no effect of nutrition on grain yield or grain quality.

There was no effect of nitrogen applied as granular urea on grain yield of the winter cultivar Hyola Feast CL.
 Where pig manure was applied, grain yield increased by 0.57 t/ha compared to where N alone was applied.
 There was no effect of nutrition on oil, protein or test weight, but seed size increased with higher nutrition.
 

 Nitrogen fertility (from the soil and from fertiliser) is crucial for growing Hyperyielding canola:
o The highest N rate was the highest yielding treatment at 5.44 t/ha.
o The overall fertility of the paddock was strong, with a yield of 4.14 t/ha where only the base level 45 kg/ha N (130 kg/ha MAP and 150 kg/ha SOA) was applied.

 The oil penalty from extra N application may not be as pronounced in Hyperyielding environments:
o Canola oil concentration typically declines (in low-medium rainfall environments) with increased nitrogen application. This was not the case in this trial with N rates from 45 to 225 kg/ha.

 All nitrogen treatments yielded more than nil N and 100% Upfront (all N applied at sowing) treatment.
 N was possible lost from denitrification just after sowing as the site became waterlogged.
 There was no yield difference between nitrogen timing for all treatments applied after sowing.
 Oil concentration was highest where nil N was applied.
 A nitrogen trial will be sown in 2021 with the inclusion of a winter cultivar.

 The application of all nitrogen at sowing either or alone or with pig manure was higher yielding than the lower N rates (16 and 46 kg/ha N) and where all N was applied at bud visible stage.
 The GEM trial showed that the spring cultivars were likely biomass limited but the winter cultivars were likely harvest index limited, therefore the nutrition trial will be conducted in a winter and a spring cultivar in 2021 to determine optimum strategies for these diverse types.
 There was no effect of nitrogen management on oil concentration. The ‘soft’ spring environment here may have limited the effect of nitrogen on oil, as N will generally reduce oil in low-medium rainfall environments.

• In a variable trial there were no significant differences in grain yield (machine harvested) due to row spacing 500mm v 750mm (20” v 30”), plant population (85,000 v 120,000 pl/ha) or N rate 300 v 450 kg N/ha).
• Overall grain yield average in the trial was 16.47 t/ha.
• Although no yield differences were recorded it was noted that narrower row spacing produced more overall harvest biomass, particularly at the lower plant population.
• Since there were no difference in grain yield associated with narrow row spacing and lower plant population, harvest index was reduced.
• Crop canopies at harvest contained more nitrogen than was applied as fertiliser indicating that at 300 kg N/ha applied as much as 235 kg N/ha was supplied from the soil.
• Increasing N fertiliser applied from 300 to 450 kg N/ha did not result in any greater N offtake in the crop at harvest, indicating that N was either left in the soil or lost.

• The average grain yield (header harvest) of the trial was 17.12t/ha with no indication that increased nitrogen rate (from the use of pre-drill urea) significantly increased yield when 207kg N/ha was subsequently applied in crop as fertigation.
• The lowest plant population 79,287 plants/ha resulted in the lowest yields with no grain yield difference between 91,864 and 103,620 plants/ha. 91,864 plants/ha was the most profitable.
• Normalised differential vegetative index (NDVI) assessments indicated that ground cover was significantly lower in the lowest plant population across all assessment timings up to V8.
• The most efficient recovery of nitrogen applied was recorded with plant populations of approximately 92,000 plants/ha with N applied by fertigation totalling 207 kg N/ha.

• The average grain yield (header harvest) of the trial was 16.33t/ha with an uneconomic trend for higher yields if N rate and seedrate was increased.
• Plants populations of 80,000, 93,333 and 102,222 gave no statistical difference in grain yield, grown in a maize-on-maize rotation position.
• There was a trend suggesting a response to nitrogen at higher plant populations, but this was not significant. Highest yields were associated with N uptake at harvest of 400 – 450kg N/ha.
• Grain maize established on grain maize stubble in 2020/21 was approximately 1 t/ha lower yielding than the trial in the same paddock in 2019/20 when grain maize was established in oaten hay stubble.
• Comparing the two seasons there was a significant reduction in yield last season when the population was reduced from approximately 92,000 to 79,287 plants/ha. There was no difference in this experiment with maize grown on maize stubbles.
• In terms of profitability using the yields generated, the highest margin was generated with approximately 80,000 plants/ha and 230kg N/ha applied as fertigation.
• The additional cost of N ($1.74kg/N and seed required for 17t/ha in this trial exceeded the value of 0.7t/ha grain maize valued at $210/ha, hence lowest N rate and seedrate were most cost effective.
• Last season with slightly higher yields it was the 92,000plants/ha with 297kg N/ha was most profitable.

• Grain yield was significantly higher in the narrower row spacing (500mm) at both high and low plant populations (nominally 85,000 v 106,000 plants/ha) (Caution different harvest methods were engaged for logistical reasons – see note below).
• Overall grain yield average in the trial was 16.53 t/ha.
• Total crop biomass (dry matter) at maturity was similar across all treatments suggesting narrower row spacing combined with lower plant population significantly improved harvest index and therefore grain yield.
• Of the three components (row spacing, plant population and N rate), N rate (either 300 or 450kg N/ha) had minimal influence on the yield and biomass results, since the lower rate of 300 kg N/ha met the N requirement of yield (already established 240N optimum N rate-see Trial 2).
• Row spacing and plant population did interact in the analysis of the trial data, making the assessment of the contribution of these factors difficult.
• Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was greatest with narrow rows, low population and 300N at 16.15kg N applied for each tonne of grain produced and 25.57kg N/t if 188kg N/ha soil supply was added to fertiliser applied (see Trial 2)

• Although increasing the frequency of N applications appeared to slightly increase grain yield (machine harvested) compared to all “up front” in seedbed yield differences were not statistically significant.
• As a general comment, timing of N application did not affect the grain yield, whether it be all up front or split over 4 timings up to V6.
• The nil applied N treatment yielded 9.49t/ha.
• However N content of the grain at harvest was greater where split applications involving later timings were compared to all the nitrogen applied at sowing indicating greater N fertiliser efficiency
• However, unless there is a premium for the maize protein in the grain resulting from later N timings the difference may be of little value to the grower.
• Soil N prior to sowing and watering up was 25 kg N/ha (0-60cm). The nil treatment contained a total of 147 kg N/ha at harvest, suggesting in-crop mineralisation resulted in 122 kg N/ha released to the crop.

• In all treatments where N fertiliser was applied there were no statistically significant differences in grain yield.
• The highest yield achieved was 16.82 t/ha with the total applied N of 300 kg N/ha, applied as 100 kg N/ha at sowing, then 3 subsequent topdressings of 66 kg N/ha up to tasselling, but achieved similar yields to applying 300 kg N /ha at sowing only.
• The nil applied N treatment yielded 10.61 t/ha and had a dry matter of 19.58t/ha and a N content of 176kg N/ha at harvest.
• Soil available N prior to sowing and watering up was 44 kg N/ha (0-60cm).
• The nil N applied treatment contained a total of 176 kg N/ha at harvest, suggesting in-crop mineralisation resulted in 132 kg N/ha being released from the soil during the course of the season.
• In this trial as long as at least 100 N (and 200 kg N/ha in total) was applied beginning at sowing, product or timing did not influence yield.

• The highest grain yield (machine harvested) achieved was 16.36 t/ha with the applied N rate of 240 kg N/ha in a crop producing 30.63 t/ha dry matter at 50.45% harvest index.
• N applications above 240kg N/ha were uneconomic in the trial.
• The nil control treatment yielded 10.89 t/ha in a crop producing 26t/ha dry matter at 51% harvest index.
• Available Soil N prior to sowing and watering up was 34 kg N/ha (0-60cm). The nil control N offtake at harvest was 241 kg N/ha, suggesting in-crop mineralisation resulted in 207 kg N/ha of the N taken up.
• At the highest level of N (560kg N/ha) there was no advantage to applying 80 Kg N/ha of the dose very late at tasselling.

• The highest machine harvested yield achieved was 16.42 t/ha with the applied N rate of 560 kg N/ha, however this was not statistically different to the yield where 240 kg N/ha was applied.
• Yield plateaued beyond the ‘240 kg N/ha’ treatment (16.18t/ha), mirroring the 2019/20 results which produced a similar N applied optimum.
• Where no N fertiliser was applied the yield was 9.70 t/ha with a dry matter of 21.8t/ha at harvest compared to 16.18t/ha and 35.79t/ha for the optimum N rate of 240kg N/ha.
• The N offtake at harvest revealed an average N content of approximately 188-448kg N/ha in the crop with the 240N treatment giving an offtake of 395kg N/ha with 58% of the N in the grain.
• Increasing N rate from 240kg to 560kg N/ha applied did not significantly increase dry matter present at harvest, although there is evidence of additional N content in the dry matter above 240kg N/ha.
• Soil N prior to sowing and watering up was 32 kg N/ha (0 – 60cm). One month after sowing and wetting up this figure had risen to 107kg N/ha.
• The nil N treatment contained a total N content of 188 kg N/ha at harvest, suggesting in-crop mineralisation through the course of the season resulted in 156 kg N/ha released.
• In-crop mineralisation in the 2020/21 season was lower than in 2019/20 (241kg N/ha) but still contributed a significant portion of the crop N budget.

• Header grain yields averaged 18.2t/ha with no yield benefit observed from applying pre-drill urea in the trial when N was applied post sowing as fertigation.
• In a trial with an overall dose of post sowing N of 207 kg N/ha applied via fertigation there was no significant yield increase from the earlier pre-drill N applications of between 0 – 315kg N/ha.
• The economic optimum level of nitrogen applied was 252kg N/ha (45N pre-drill + 207kg N as fertigation).
• No significant differences were recorded in total dry matter (DM) content at V6 or at harvest with an average DM content of 34.6t/ha.
• The N content at harvest revealed an average N content of 462kg N/ha with a range of approximately 415-530kg N/ha in the crop, but there were no statistical differences.
• The N offtake at harvest indicated soil mineralisation provided up to 165kg N/ha to grow the crop with lower N efficiency recorded from applied fertiliser at higher overall N rates.
• There were no significant differences in test weight (mean 81.1) or harvest index (mean 51.7%).

• Header grain yields averaged 17t/ha with no yield benefit observed from applying pre-drill urea in the trial when N was applied post sowing as fertigation (230kg N applied).
• In a trial with an overall dose of post sowing N of 230 kg N/ha applied via fertigation there was no value to the earlier pre-drill N applications of between 0 – 315kg N/ha.
• No significant differences were recorded in dry matter (DM) accumulation at V5 or NDVI at V7.
• The N offtake at harvest revealed an average N content of 420kg N/ha with a range of approximately 395-460kg N/ha in the crop.
• The N uptake at harvest indicated soil mineralisation provided up to 79kg N/ha to grow the crop with lower N efficiency recorded from applied fertiliser at higher overall N rates.
• There were no significant differences in test weight (mean 80.7kg/hL)
• Dry matter at harvest showed no differences with an average reading of 35.3t/ha and harvest index mean of 46.9%.
• Exactly two thirds of the N removed in the crop was present in the grain with an average of 280kg N/ha in the grain and 140kg N/ha in the stover.

• With an average grain yield of 18.28t/ha there were no significant differences in header grain yield from varying nitrogen rate or timing of prilled urea (46%N).
• Where no nitrogen was applied early in the season a significant decrease in nitrogen content was observed in the stalk of the plants at harvest, but there no influence on grain N content.
• Test weight was significantly reduced when only 207kg N/ha was applied to the crop, there was no significant benefit in test weight when the highest rate of nitrogen was applied.

• With an average grain yield of 17.29t/ha there were no significant differences in header grain yield from varying nitrogen rate or timing of prilled urea (46%N) when 230 kg N/ha was applied as fertigation post sowing.
• Dry matter was between 30 and 35t/ha at harvest with approximately 50% of this dry matter present as grain and the remaining 50% as stover.
• In terms of nitrogen uptake in the crop at harvest 70% of the N on average was in the grain with 30% in the stover (leaves, stalk and cob husk).
• There was some evidence that additional N increased grain N content, but this was not associated with yield increases.
• The trial results are similar to the same trial run in 2019/20 which following oaten hay had an average yield of 18.2t/ha compared to 17.3t/ha when sown maize on maize.

 Similar yields were achieved at low and higher plant densities. While defoliation reduced yield on average by 0.6t/ha.
 Defoliation at GS32 in Rosalind corresponded to a defoliation date of GS31 in RGT Planet and mid tillering in the winter cultivar Cassiopee. This had profound influences on crop development and delayed flowering by 25 days in Rosalind, 13 days in RGT Planet, and 7 days in Cassiopee.
 Despite a 48% difference in the dry matter removed on 8 July between the spring varieties Rosalind and RGT Planet in contrast to the winter variety Cassiopee there was no significant interaction between variety and defoliation for final yield.
 At harvest while there were significant differences in head numbers between varieties, with Rosalind and RGT Planet having 280 and 240 heads more than Cassiopee respectively, plant population and defoliation did not significantly impact head numbers.

 Similar yields were achieved at low and higher plant densities. While defoliation reduced yield on average by 0.3t/ha.
 Defoliation at GS32 in Rosalind corresponded to a defoliation date of GS31 in RGT Planet and mid tillering in the winter cultivar Cassiopee.
 RGT Planet suffered a 0.66t/ha yield penalty with defoliation, and Cassiopee yielded similar to the control.
 Despite the later than recommended defoliation date in Rosalind there was no significant reduction in yield and crop development was delayed. In other experiments Rosalind has responded well to this treatment and in frostier environments or in years where light
conditions were more favorable in October it may be possible to increase yield with this strategy

 Cultivar choice had the biggest influence on head densities. Rosalind reached 965 heads/m2, Planet 746 heads/m2, and Urambie 820 heads/m2. This reflects the genetic ability of these cultivars to tiller and the proportion of tillers that survive.
 Similar yields were achieved at low and higher plant densities, consistent with findings from other experiments that demonstrate limited yield responses at target densities above 150 seeds/m2
 Defoliation reduced yield on average by 0.5t/ha.
 Defoliation at GS32 in Rosalind corresponded to a defoliation date of GS31 in RGT Planet and later tillering in the winter cultivar Urambie
 Despite the later than recommended defoliation date in Rosalind there was a significant delay in crop development. In other experiments Rosalind has responded well to this treatment and in frostier environments or in higher production environments years it may be possible to increase yield with this strategy from earlier planting dates.

Peak yields of 10.98t/ha were achieved at 90kg N/ha, whereas 10kg of applied N yielded 9.98t/ha (1 t less), and at 290kg N/ha yields achieved were 10.2t/ha (table 1).
Yield responses match NDVI responses during the critical period reaffirming growth and crops intercepting light during this period is the key to higher yields (figure 1).
Crop biomass increased with Nitrogen rate from 16.1–20.5t/ha, however harvest index declined due to increased lodging and brackling (figure 2).
These results are consistent with other HYC sites in that once crop biomass at maturity in barley exceeds 16t/ha it is difficult to achieve a harvest index above 50%.
Screenings increased and test weight declined at the highest N rates, likely due to lodging and or brackling.

 There was no additional yield benefit of applying N above 126kg/ha in 2021.
 Extra Nitrogen applications increased grain protein, every additional 20 units of N above 126kg/ha increased protein by 0.4% suggesting the N was taken up but nor converting to yield.
 There was little evidence of extra biomass being achieved at any growth stage with extra N.
 Other grain quality parameters were not influenced by N.

- A mean yield of 8.8t/ha was achieved across the experiment and proteins were greater than 10.5% and within malt barley specification.
- There wasn’t any additional yield benefit from an extra 25% and 50% N combined when applied either with or without the additional P and S fertilizer compared to the farmer applied nutrition which totaled 130 Nkg.ha
- The aspirational N treatment of an additional 60 units of N increased grain protein by ~0.4% compared to the current practice.
- All other yield components and lodging were not influenced by N nutrition in this experiment

- Means yields of 8.99t/ha were achieved and despite grain protein levels below 10% there wasn’t any additional yield benefit from and extra 25% and 50% N combined when applied either with or without the additional P and S fertilizer compared to the farmer applied nutrition which totaled 130 Nkg.ha
- The aspirational N treatment of an additional 60 units of N increased grain protein by ~0.3% compared to the current practice.
- Other components such as lodging were not influenced by N nutrition in this experiment
- These findings are consistent with the first sowing date and suggests more N from applied fertilizer is unlikely to significant increase grain yields.

- A mean yield of 7.25 t/ha was achieved across the experiment and proteins were greater than 10.5% and within malt barley specification.
- There wasn’t any additional yield benefit from and extra 25% and 50% N combined when applied either with or without the additional P and S fertilizer compared to the farmer applied nutrition which totaled 148kg N/ha
- The aspirational N treatment of an additional 35 units of N increased grain protein by ~1.7 % compared to the current practice.
- These results are consistent with other experiments across the high rainfall zones, were limited responses to applied N fertilization are measurable when application rates exceed 150 units of N.

- A mean yield of 4.24t/ha was achieved across the experiment and proteins were greater than 11.4% and outside of malt specifications suggesting N was not limiting in this experiment.
- There wasn’t any additional yield benefit from an extra 25% and 50% N combined when applied either with or without the additional P and S fertilizer compared to the farmer applied nutrition which totaled 86kg N/ha
- The aspirational 25% and 50% more N treatments both increased grain protein by 1.1% and 1.9% which indicates the N was taken up but not contributing to yield
- These results are consistent with other experiments across the high rainfall zones, were limited responses to applied N fertilization are measurable when application rates exceed 150 units of N.

- A mean yield of 10.21 t/ha was achieved across the experiment and proteins were greater than 10.5% and within malt barley specification.
- There wasn’t any additional yield benefit from 60 kg N/ha (extra 25%) and 120 kg N/ha (50% extra N) combined when applied either with or without the additional P and S fertilizer compared to untreated control
- The aspirational N treatment of an additional 60 units of N increased grain protein by ~1 % compared to the untreated but did not increase yield.
- These results are consistent with other experiments across the high rainfall zones, were limited responses to applied N fertilization are measurable on fertile soils.

 There was no yield response in winter feed wheat cv RGT Accroc to additional nutrient input above the standard N input of 168kg N/ha, which included a standard of 120kg/ha MAP at sowing (12N, 24P) despite yields of 9.5-10t/ha.
 The average yield of the trial in RGT Accroc was 9.47t/ha compared to 7.83t/ha in the milling wheat Rockstar trial (in surrounding commercial crop).
 Protein levels in the zero N plots (control) were significantly increased from 9.5% to 11.7 – 12.0% with the additional nutrients, but the increases were not associated with higher grain yields above standard nutrition (168N, 24P) in the feed wheat RGT
Accroc.
 With the farm crop milling wheat trial in Rockstar additional nutrition increased both yield and protein, even though protein was over %12.6.
 On average, protein levels were higher in the milling wheat Rockstar (13.6%) compared to the feed wheat RGT Accroc (11.3%).
 At harvest there were increased head numbers and dry matter production associated with greater nutrition input (cv RGT Accroc – feed wheat) but this did not lead to increased grain yield.
 There was no effect of additional nutrition on harvest index (data not presented), however the milling wheat Rockstar had higher harvest index (40.5%) compared to the feed wheat RGT Accroc (34.2%).
 The unfertilised crop of RGT Accroc had a N offtake in the grain of 129kg N/ha based on 7.74t/ha and 1.66% N in the grain (9.5% protein). If it is assumed that 25% of the N at harvest is in the straw and chaff then the unfertilised crop would have removed
approximately 172kg N//ha of which 59.3 kg N/ha was recorded in the soil core on 29th July (0-60cm) with 12kg N/ha provided by the MAP.
 This residual fertility in the farming system would explain why the standard nutrition control removed 242kg N/ha in the canopy (based on the same calculations) when only 168kg N/ha was applied as fertiliser.

 There was a significant response to N application in the trial with a 2.41t/ha yield increase associated with a 200kg N/ha application applied in three splits.
 200kg N/ha produced a crop canopy of 23t/ha dry matter
 There was no significant increase in yield over and above 200N or from the application of additional P and S, although grain protein continued to increase up to 291N the highest rate of nitrogen fertiliser applied.

 The unfertilised crop (100 MAP only at sowing) resulted in a 9.37t/ha crop and 8.9% grain protein.
 Based on the N concentration in the grain the N offtake in the grain alone was approximately 146kg N/ha. If 25% of the N typically resides in the straw and chaff at harvest, then crop uptake in the unfertilised plot was approximately 195kg N/ha.
 On this basis of soil N available in May (103N) and 10N from the MAP it would indicate 82kg N/ha from mineralisation.
 Increasing grain protein did not increase crop canopy size beyond 23.8t/ha dry matter at harvest. Application of 291N produced significantly lower yields than 204N and 252N applied.
 Although grain protein increased with higher N fertiliser input screenings gradually increased with test weight and thousand seed weight showing a decreasing trend.

• There was no response above the standard N input of 130kg N/ha, which also received a standard of 100kg/ha MAP at sowing (10N, 21.9P).
• Protein levels (12.1% in the standard) and dry matter at harvest indicated that yield was maximised at this level of nutritional input.
• Protein was increased by more N applied but yield was unaffected.
• Test weight was significantly reduced but differences were small (1kg/hL)

• There was no response above the standard N input of 148kg N/ha, which also included a standard of 100kg/ha MAP at sowing (10N, 21.9P).
• Protein levels in the standard control were increased from 9.7% to 11% with additional N application but the increases were not associated with higher grain yields.
• At harvest there was no evidence of dry matter increases associated with greater nutrition input.
• Test weight was unaffected by the nutrition strategy in this trial, but there was a very slight increase in screenings.

• There was no yield response with nutrient input above the standard N input of 152kg N/ha, which included a standard of 120kg/ha MAP at sowing (12N, 26P).
• The average yield of the trial in RGT Accroc was 10.06t/ha compared to 7.47t/ha in the milling wheat Coolah for the same treatments.
• Protein levels in the standard control were significantly increased from 10.8% to 11.3 – 11.6% with the additional nutrients, but the increases were not associated with higher grain yields (cv Accroc – feed wheat).
• With the farm crop milling wheat Coolah additional nutrition neither increased protein or yield, although protein levels with the milling wheat were higher overall (standard 11.9%).
• At harvest there was no evidence of dry matter increases associated with greater nutrition input.
• Test weight with the feed wheat was significantly reduced by the additional nutrition applied in this trial, but the differences were small and screenings were unaffected.

• The highest yield of 5.20 t/ha under overhead irrigation was achieved when 45Y28 RR hybrid was sown at 80 seeds/m2 and established a plant population of 51 plants/m2.
• There was no interaction between variety and plant population with both varieties achieving increased yields as the plant population was increased.
• The oilseed yield of 45Y28 RR hybrid (4.77 t/ha) averaged across 4 plant populations, was significantly higher than HyTTec® Trophy (4.05 t/ha).
• Seed yield of HyTTec® Trophy showed little difference (0.21t/ha) when grown at populations between 37-58 plants/m2 with 0.7t/ha drop associated with populations of approximately 20 plants/m2.
• With 45Y28 RR hybrid the drop in seed yield associated with a population of 13 plant/m2 was relatively small but there was a trend for a seed yield increase up to 50 plants/m2.
• HyTTec® Trophy had a higher plant establishment (82%) than 45y28 RR hybrid (64%), averaged across 4 seed rates.
• There was no significant difference in seed oil content across plant population or variety and oil content ranged from 44.5% to 46.2% (data not shown).
• HyTTec® Trophy had a low seed test weight (60.3kg/hL) and was well below the minimum receival standard of 62kg/hL, 45Y28 RR hybrid achieved an average test weight of 63.3kg/hL.

• This trial was irrigated post-sowing with 80mm of surface irrigation due to the dry conditions in early April, however the excessive rain that followed sowing led to water logging and poor drainage in the trial area and the resultant poor establishment.
• The effect of lower plant population and water logging winter compounded and significantly reduced resultant yields in relation to those achieved under the overhead lateral.
• The highest yield of 2.67 t/ha was achieved when 45Y28 RR hybrid was sown at 80 seeds/m2 with an established population of 9 plants/m2.
• There was no interaction between variety and plant population with both varieties achieving increased yields as the plant population was increased.
• There was no significant difference in grain yield between 45Y28 RR hybrid (1.66 t/ha) averaged across 4 plant populations, and HyTTec® Trophy (1.49 t/ha).
• There was no significant difference in seed oil content across plant population and variety which was low and ranged from 41.2% to 43.2% (data not shown).
• HyTTec® Trophy had a low seed test weight (62.0 kg/hL) and all but the lowest population only just met the minimum receival standard of 62kg/hL, 45Y28 RR hybrid achieved an average test weight of 63.0 kg/hL.

• Seeding rate and resultant plant population had little influence on grain yield. A seeding rate of 100 seeds/m2 is the equivalent of approximately 60 kg/ha seeding rate established 70 plants/m2.
• Establishment rate for the trial averaged 75%, but was generally lower at higher seed rates.
• Biomass at GS30 showed a trend to higher biomass generated by higher shoot numbers as plant population increased.
• There was no difference in biomass at mid-flowering (GS65) in DBA Aurora due to plant population.
• Biomass at harvest was influenced by variety and plant population.
• Seeding rate had little influence on grain yield. A seeding rate of 100 seeds/m2 is the equivalent of approximately 60 kg/ha seeding rate or an establishment of 70 plants/m2.
• Protein content was influenced by variety more than seeding rate and resultant plant population with DBA Vittaroi producing 13.9% protein vs 12.7% protein with DBA Aurora
• Water use efficiency was 21.4 kg/mm.