• Plant establishment at a 22.5cm row spacing was signifi cantly superior to 30cm, which in turn was signifi cantly higher than 37.5cm. The disc drill opener gave better establishment than the tine at the narrow (22.5cm) row spacing but not at the wider row spacing. 
• Advantages with the narrow row spacing were seen early in the season in terms of plant population, dry matter (DM) and tiller production. These advantages did not translate to signifi cantly higher yield in this rotation position. This result was identical to the results of the 2010 trial when wheat on wheat yields showed a similar, but not signifi cant, trend for narrow row spacing (22.5cm) to be better than wide row spacing (37.5cm). 

Using precision agriculture (PA) to apply variable rate of fertilise is an easy way to test new idea on farm. Precision agriculture can be used to apply different rates of fertiliser to different areas of a paddock. Wheat responded to applied phophorus, even though soil tests indicated it had a high level of Colwell P (56mg/ka).

Reducing sowing rates to 50 kg/ha did not impact on yield, which is consistant with 2009 trial results. Yield at the site did not respond to applied phosphorus or nitrogen fertiliser even following early plant growth responses.

Precision agriculture can be used to apply variable rates of nitrogen fertiliser; generating fertiliser savings and optimising yields throughout the paddock. Optimising applied nitrogen fertilser results in optimum yields and gross margin.

Inoculation on a paddock that had not grown pulese for at least 10 years increased Faba bean yield by 1t/ha and shoot nitrogen fixed by 130-180kg N/ha). The numbers of rhizobia deline ini the soil over time. The improvements in wheat yield after faba beans and lupins were not associated with enhanced nitrogen supply.

Forage sorghum and millets achieved the highest yields during the summer forage trial. Lab lab was the most promising forage legume although DM yields were low. Other legumes along with t eh brassicas and winter cereals either failed to emerge or achieved only sparse plant numbers.

• Soil mineral nitrogen (N) values were low across all sites, which was indicative of the wet seasonal conditions and high nitrogen losses.
• There were no significant differences in mineral nitrogen values between the stubble treatments due to high variability (likely due to transient waterlogging across the sites).
• The project has been extended to enable the research to be repeated during 2017.

• While significant differences in mineral nitrogen (N) values were measured between stubble treatments, these differences were small and unlikely to elicit a plant growth response.
• No consistent trends were observed between trial sites.
• Delayed plant growth and development under no-till stubble retained (NTSR) systems in the Riverine Plains region is unlikely to be due to decreased mineral nitrogen availability as a result of immobilisation.

• For a wheat crop with an average yield of 4.5–5t/ha, increasing the rate of nitrogen (N) applied (40 and 80 extra kilograms of nitrogen per hectare above the farm standard) significantly increased dry matter (DM) accumulation, crop height and final yield of first wheat following canola.
• Applying a plant growth regulator (PGR) (Moddus + chlormequat) reduced crop height by 3cm and significantly decreased DM production.
• A small, non-significant yield reduction was measured with PGR application, which was similar to that observed during 2014, when yields were in the 5–6t/ha range. Conversely, during 2015, there was a positive yield effect of 0.1t/ha, when average crop yield was approximately 3t/ha.
• Although differences were small, the PGR application significantly increased screenings and decreased test weight, results that are not in line with the effects observed during 2015.
• After three years of trials there is no evidence to suggest PGR application has delivered any positive yield effects or consistent quality effects.
• In all three years of trials, PGR application showed a trend to reduce DM, which was significant in 2016.

• In two first-wheat trials yielding 4.5-5.0t/ha, the application of a plant growth regulator (PGR) delivered no benefits in terms of yield or grain quality.
• The PGR application did not interact with additional nitrogen applied in terms of yield or quality.
• The impact of PGR application on crop height was greater than the impact of nitrogen timing; however, the differences in height were small.
• The grower-applied nitrogen at Redlands, at a rate of 75kg N/ha, and at Yarrawongs at a rat eof 100kg N/ha, were shown to be optimum in terms of yield and quality, with no extra yield or protein resulting from the higher nitrogen application rates with Corack and Wedgetail.

• With an average yield of almost 3t/ha, increasing the rate of nitrogen applied (40 and 80 extra kg N/ha) did not affect dry matter (DM) accumulation, crop height or fianl yield of first wheat following canola.
• Applying a plant growth regulator (PGR) decreased crop height, but did not influence DM or grain yield.
• Although differences were small, PGR application significantly decreased screenings and increased test weight.
• Applying the PGR also decreased crop reflectance, measured as normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) during stem elongation (GS39); a result also observed during 2013 and 2014.
• The lower NDVI readings suggest PGR altered greeness of the crop canopy or the orientation of the leaves, decreasing crop reflectance.

When canola was sown into wheat stubble in an east-west direction, long stubble (42cm) significantly reduced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and reduced true leaf number up to mid-winter.

Although there were trends suggesting a reduction in dry matter (DM) production at the yellow bud stage (GS3.7) as a result of increasing stubble height, the differences were not statistically significant.

The average canola yield of the trial was 1.58t/ha with no significant differences in either yield or oil content due to stubble height of the previous wheat crop.

The results mirror a trial conducted at Dookie, where yields in long stubble were 3.70t/ha and 3.75t/ha in short stubble. At this site there were significant reductions in DM production early in the season in the long stubble treatment.

• The application of N increased yields of all cereals grown on a wheat stubble.
• The application of fungicides controlled leaf diseases in wheat and barley, and increased the grain yield of wheat.

• Triticale requires 80kg of N to maximise yield.
• Triticale requires the same amount of nitrogen input as wheat to yield near its potential.
• Kocsiusko Triticale responds to the use of fungicide.

Triticale does not respond to N, or fungicide in dry years.

• Triticale responded to nitrogen (N) and fungicide in the last three years.
• In 2007, the response was to either N or fungicide
• The variety Toburk yields as well as Kocsiusko when not grazed.
• Tobruk did not respond significanly to fungicide.

• Triticale responded to nitrogen during 2008.
• Triticale did not respond significantly to fungicide during 2008.
• The variety Kosciusko yielded better than the variety Toburk.
• Kosciusko did not repond significantly to fungicide.

Wedgetail provided good grazing for yearling steers. The grazing effect on grain yield was not detmined, however the grazed crop recovered to yield 4t/ha.

Seed and fertiliser dresings and in-crop fungicides did not give a response in wheat in a drought year. Ventura and H45 yielded better than Diamondbird.

• Seed and fertiliser dresings and in-crop fungicides gave responses in wheat that were inconsistant.
• Stripe rust varieties gave less reponse.
• Generally the best response came from spraying at full tillering (Z31).

• Fertiliser dressings gave responses in wheat during 2008.
• There were no responses to in-crop fungicides.
• During the four year of the experiment, the best fungicide treametns have benn the seed and fertiliser treatments and the in-crop fungicide sprays at growth stage Z 39 (flag leaf emergence).

• Similar yields can be obtained using a number of combinations of seed and fertiliser.
• Low tiller numbers can be recovered by using light amounts of nitrogen.
• There may be opportunities to use much lower inputs and still produce high-yielding and profitable crops.

• Trial reveals that 70 plants per square metre (about 35kg seed) and 5-10 kilograms per hectare of phophorus represent the optimal target plant density and phosphorous input level for wheat.
• Similar yeild results can be obatained using a number of combinations of seed and fertiliser.
• Low tiller numbers can be recovered by using light amounts of nitrogen.

• In high rainfall years, 70 plants /m2 will produce lower yields than crops with higher plant numbers, unless some nitrogen is applied at the five-leaf stage (GS 15).
• If nitrogen is applied at GS 15, similar yields can be obtained.
• There may be opportunities to use phosphours in crop to maximise yields.
• More work needs to be carried out to confirm this.
• Lower than optimal tiller numbers can still produce acceptable yields and water use efficiencies (WUE) in wet years.

• Wheat on wheat uses high inputs.
• Wheat requires a high amount of nitrogen input to yield near its potential in a good year.

• In dry years wheat has little response to extra inputs.
• Avoid using unneessary inputs early to maximise income.

• Wheat repsonds to up to 40 kg of nitrogen (N) even in dry conditions.
• In dry years wheat has not significantly responded to fungicides.
• On average MS susceptible varieties have responded to fungicides.

• Wheat responded to up to 20 kilograms per hectare of nitrogen (N) during 2008.
• Wheat has not significantly responded to fungicides in 2008 or the other dry years.
• Over the full term of the experiment (2005 - 2008), wheat responded significantly to both fungicide and an average of 40kg/ha/yr of nitrogen (range 20 - 80 kg/ha/yr).

• Wheat responded to up to 12 kilograms per hectare of phrosphorus (P) without added nitrogen (N) and to 6kg/ha of phosphorus with added nitrogen.
• Higher fertiliser rates did not improve yield or tiller numbers.

• Wheat did not respond significanly to additional sulphur (S).
• Wheat did not respond significantly to additional zinc (Zn).

There was no response to any trace elements or mixtures of trace elements, except zinc. Sinc responses may occur in red oils particularly ifa Chlorsulphuron herbicide, like logran is used. Ainc produced significantly more tillers but not a yield response.

• Fungicide applied at third node (GS33) gave significantly better yellow leaf spot (YLF) control and green leaf retention (GLR) than a tillering (GS23) application.
• The improvement in disease control with a single spray timing did not lead to a significant yield increase.
• There was a significatn yield advantage (0.27t/ha) when both spray timings were sequenced in a two-spray programme despite the low yield of the trial.
• The value of hte extra grain produced from two sprays was $69/ha, which covered the costs of the fungicides and their application.
• The net margin was great with Tilt than Prosaro largely as a result of Prosaro being a more expensive product.
• The best YLS control achieved with a foliar fungicide on the top three leaves was 65% control.